如何成为一个黑客

翻译: OnO
部分翻译简易扼要概括, 其余部分来自于 Google Translate.

source: https://www.wikihow.com/Become-a-Hacker

In computer security, a hacker is someone who focuses on security mechanisms of computer and network systems. There are a community and shared culture of expert programmers and networking wizards that trace its history back through decades to the first time-sharing minicomputers and the earliest ARPAnet experiments. The members of this culture were the first “hackers.” Breaking into computers and breaking phone systems have come to symbolize hacking in popular culture, but hacking culture is much more complex and moralistic than most people know. To become a hacker, learn basic hacking techniques, how to think like a hacker, and how to gain respect within the ethical hacking community.

在计算机安全方面，黑客是专注于计算机和网络系统安全机制的人。 有一个专门的程序员和网络向导的社区和共享文化，将历史追溯到几十年，首次分享小型计算机和最早的 ARPAnet 实验。 这个文化的成员是第一个“黑客”。 打破电脑和打破电话系统已经成为大众文化中的黑客标志，但黑客文化比大多数人所知道的更复杂和道德。 要成为一个黑客，学习基本的黑客技术，如何像黑客一样思考，以及如何在道德黑客社区中获得尊重。

Learning Fundamentals 学习基础知识

学着使用类 Unix 的系统

Run a UNIX-like OS, such as Linux. UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems are the operating systems of the Internet. While you can learn to use the Internet without knowing UNIX, you can’t be an Internet hacker without understanding UNIX. For this reason, the hacker culture today is pretty strongly UNIX-centered. There are many types of UNIX-like operating systems, the most popular being Linux, which you can run alongside Microsoft Windows on the same machine. Download Linux online or find a local Linux user group to help you with installation.[1]

运行类 UNIX 操作系统，如 Linux。 UNIX 和类 UNIX 操作系统是 Internet 的操作系统。 虽然您可以在不了解 UNIX 的情况下学习使用互联网，但如果不了解 UNIX，则无法成为互联网黑客。 因此，今天的黑客文化非常强调以 UNIX 为中心。 有许多类型的类 UNIX 操作系统，最受欢迎的是 Linux，您可以在同一台机器上与 Microsoft Windows 一起运行。 在线下载 Linux 或查找本地 Linux 用户组，以帮助您安装。[1]

1. A good way to dip your toes in the water is to boot up what Linux fans call a live CD or USB, a distribution that runs entirely off a CD or USB without modifying your hard disk. This is a way to get a look at the possibilities without having to do anything drastic.
2. 使用 LiveCD 或者制作 USB 启动盘
3. There are other UNIX-like operating systems besides Linux, such as the *BSD systems. The most popular *BSD systems are FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and Dragon Fly BSD. All are open source just like Linux, however, it’s important to remember that they are BSD and not Linux.
4. 类 Unix 系统有 Linux, *BSD 等
5. MacOS is based on Darwin, a UNIX operating system that’s based on FreeBSD. Darwin is fully free and open source and is available from http://opensource.apple.com. Because the core of the system is UNIX, and macOS is very popular, many people have ported over Linux applications to macOS. You can get those programs with a package manager like homebrew, fink or MacPorts. Alternatively, you can just run Linux on a Mac alongside macOS.
6. 苹果 MacOS 基于 Darwin, 可以使用 homebrew, fink 或者 MacPorts 安装命令行工具
7. If you want to get super niche, you can even run an operating system like Open Indiana, which is based on the open source release of the Solaris operating system before it was acquired by Oracle and made closed source. OpenIndiana and Solaris are based on UNIX System V, and, as such, are not compatible with Linux applications. That said, there are many ports of Linux applications. You’re probably better off just using macOS, BSD or Linux because they are much more popular and have many more programs available for them.
8. MacOS, BSD or Linux 三者选一, 他们更流行

从 HTML 开始学习编程

Write HTML. If you don’t know how to program, learning basic HyperText Mark-Up Language (HTML) and gradually building proficiency is essential. What you see when you look at a website of pictures, images, and design components is all coded using HTML. For a project, set out to learn how to make a basic home page and work your way up from there.

编写 HTML 如果你不知道如何编程，学习基本的超文本标记语言（HTML）和逐步建立熟练程度是至关重要的。 当您看到图片，图像和设计组件的网站时，您看到的都是使用 HTML 编码的。 对于一个项目，开始学习如何做一个基本的主页，并从那里开始工作。

1. In your browser, open the page source information to examine the HTML to see an example. Go to Web Developer > Page Source in Firefox and spend time looking at the code.
2. You can write HTML in a basic word processing program like Notepad or Simple text and save your files as “text only,” so you can upload them to a browser and see your work translated.[2]
3. You’ll need to learn to format tags and learn to think visually using them.[3] “<” is used to open a tag and “/> is used to close it. “” is the opening for a line of paragraph code. You’ll use tags to signal anything visual: italics, formatting, color, etc. Learning HTML will help you to understand better how the Internet works.

学习编程

Learn the language of programing. Before you start writing poems you have to learn basic grammar. Before you break the rules you have to learn the rules. But if your ultimate goal is to become a hacker, you’re going to need more than basic English to write your masterpiece.

破坏规则前要先了解规则. 学习编程语言。 在你开始写诗之前，你必须学习基本的语法。 在你违反规则之前，你必须学习规则。 但是，如果你的最终目标是成为一个黑客，你将需要更多的基本英语来写你的杰作。

1. Python is a good “language” to start off with because it’s cleanly designed, well documented, and relatively kind to beginners. Despite being a good first language, it is not just a toy; it is very powerful, flexible, and well-suited for large projects. Java is an alternative, but its value as a first programming language has been questioned.[4]
2. Python 是较好的启蒙语言, 简单易学, 文档齐全, 功能强大.
3. If you get into serious programming, you will have to learn C, the core language of Unix. C++ is very closely related to C; if you know one, learning the other will not be difficult. C is very efficient with your machine’s resources but will soak up huge amounts of your time on debugging and is often avoided for that reason, unless the efficiency of your computer is especially important.
4. C/C++ 上手较难
5. It is probably a good idea to use a good starting platform such as Backtrack 5 R3, Kali or Ubuntu 12.04LTS.
6. 使用 Kali(Backtrack 系统不再维护, 更新换代为 Kali) 或者 Ubuntu 12.04LTS 系统

Adopting Hacking Attitudes 改变思路

Think creatively. Now that you’ve got the basic skills in place, you can start thinking artistically. Hackers are like artists, philosophers, and engineers all rolled up into one. They believe in freedom and mutual responsibility. The world is full of fascinating problems waiting to be solved. Hackers take a special delight in solving problems, sharpening their skills, and exercising their intelligence.

创造性地思考. 现在你已经有了基本的技能，你可以开始思考艺术. 黑客就像艺术家，哲学家和工程师们都融合成一体. 他们相信自由和相互责任. 世界充满了等待解决的迷人问题. 黑客在解决问题，提高技能和行使智慧方面特别高兴.

1. Hackers have a diversity of interests culturally and intellectually, outside of hacking. Work as intensely as you play, and play as intensely as you work. For true hackers, the boundaries between “play,” “work,” “science,” and “art” all tend to disappear or to merge into a high-level creative playfulness.
2. 集游戏, 工作, 科学与艺术于一体
3. Read science fiction. Go to science fiction conventions, which is a great way to meet hackers and proto-hackers.
4. 读科幻小说, 去科幻小说交流会认识其他人.
5. Consider training in a martial art. The kind of mental discipline required for martial arts seems to be similar in important ways to what hackers do. The most hacker-ly martial arts are those which emphasize mental discipline, relaxed awareness, and control, rather than raw strength, athleticism, or physical toughness. Tai Chi is a good martial art for hackers.
6. 考虑训练武术。 武术所需的精神纪律似乎与黑客的重要方式相似。 最黑暗的武术是强调精神纪律，放松意识和控制，而不是原始力量，运动能力或身体韧性的武术。 太极是黑客的好武器。

Learn to love solving problems. No problem should ever have to be solved twice. Think of it as a community in which the time of everyone is hackers is precious. Hackers believe sharing information is a moral responsibility. When you solve problems, make the information public to help everyone solve the same issue.

热爱解决问题, 以及分享你的成果. 学会爱解决问题。 不应该有两次解决问题。 把它当成一个社区，每个人都是黑客的时候是宝贵的。 黑客认为分享信息是一项道德责任。 当您解决问题时，请将信息公开，以帮助大家解决同一问题。

1. You don’t have to believe that you’re obligated to give all your creative product away, though the hackers that do are the ones that get the most respect from other hackers. It’s consistent with hacker values to sell enough of it to keep you in food and rent and computers.
2. 您不必相信您有义务将所有创意产品放弃，尽管黑客是最受其他黑客尊重的黑客。 这与黑客价值观一致，足以销售食物，租金和电脑。
3. Read older pieces, such as the “Jargon File” or “Hacker Manifesto” by The Mentor. They may be out of date in terms of technical issues, but the attitude and spirit are just as timely.[5]
4. 阅读较旧的作品，如导师的“行话档案”或“黑客宣言”。 技术问题可能已经过时了，但态度和精神也是及时的。

Learn to recognise and fight authority. The enemy of the hacker is boredom, drudgery, and authoritarian figures who use censorship and secrecy to strangle the freedom of information. Monotonous work keeps the hacker from hacking.

学会独立思考与挑战权威. 学会认识和打击权威。 黑客的敌人是无聊，苦难和专制人士，他们使用审查和保密来扼杀信息自由。 单调的工作使黑客免受黑客攻击。

1. Embracing hacking as a way of life is to reject so-called “normal” concepts of work and property, choosing instead to fight for equality and common knowledge.
2. 把黑客作为一种生活方式是拒绝所谓的“正常”的工作和财产概念，而是选择平等和共同的知识。

Be competent. So, anyone who spends time on Reddit can write up a ridiculous cyberpunk username and pose as a hacker. But the Internet is a great equalizer and values competence over ego and posture. Spend time working on your craft and not your image and you’ll more quickly gain respect than modeling yourself on the superficial things we think of “hacking” in popular culture.
有能力 所以，任何在 Reddit 上花费时间的人都可以写出一个可笑的网络垃圾邮件用户名，并将其视为黑客。 但互联网是一个伟大的均衡器，并重视自我和态度的能力。 花时间在你的工艺上工作，而不是你的形象，你会更快地获得尊重，而不是对我们认为在大众文化中“黑客”的表面的东西进行建模。

Hacking Well 开始黑客生活

Write open-source software. Write programs that other hackers think are fun or useful, and give the program sources away to the whole hacker culture to use. Hackerdom’s most revered demigods are people who have written large, capable programs that met a widespread need and given them away so that now everyone uses them.
编写开源软件。 编写其他黑客认为有趣或有用的程序，并将程序源放在整个黑客文化中使用。 黑客的最受尊敬的半神人是写大型，有能力的方案，满足广泛的需求和给予他们的人，所以现在每个人都使用它们。

Help test and debug open-source software. Any open-source author who’s thinking will tell you that good beta-testers (who know how to describe symptoms clearly, localize problems well, can tolerate bugs in a quickie release, and are willing to apply a few simple diagnostic routines) are worth their weight in rubies.
帮助测试和调试开源软件。 任何开源的作者都在想，会告诉你，很好的测试人员（谁知道如何明确描述症状，本地化问题，可以容忍错误的快速发布，并愿意应用一些简单的诊断程序）值得他们 重量在红宝石。

1. Try to find a program under development that you’re interested in and be a good beta-tester. There’s a natural progression from helping test programs to helping debug them to helping modify them. You’ll learn a lot this way, and generate goodwill with people who will help you later on.
2. 尝试找到一个您正在开发的程序，您有兴趣，并成为一个很好的测试人员。 帮助测试程序帮助调试它们来帮助修改它们有一个自然的进步。 你会以这种方式学到很多东西，并且会为随后帮助你的人们产生善意。

Publish useful information. Another good thing is to collect and filter useful and interesting information into web pages or documents like Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) lists, and make those generally available. Maintainers of major technical FAQs get almost as much respect as open-source authors.
发布有用的信息。 另一件好事是收集和过滤有用和有趣的信息到网页或文档，如常见问题（FAQ）列表，并使这些通常可用。 主要技术常见问题的维护者几乎与开源作者一样尊重。

Help keep the infrastructure working. The hacker culture (and the engineering development of the Internet, for that matter) is run by volunteers. There’s a lot of necessary but unglamorous work that needs to be done to keep it going — administering mailing lists, moderating newsgroups, maintaining large software archive sites, developing RFCs and other technical standards. People who do this sort of thing well get a lot of respect, because everybody knows these jobs are huge time sinks and not as much fun as playing with code. Doing them shows dedication.
帮助保持基础设施的运作。 黑客文化（以及因特网的工程开发）都是由志愿者管理的。 需要做很多必要但无趣的工作才能继续进行 - 管理邮件列表，管理新闻组，维护大型软件归档站点，开发 RFC 和其他技术标准。 做这样的事情的人得到很多的尊重，因为大家都知道这些工作是巨大的时间下沉，而不是像代码一样玩乐。 做他们表现出奉献精神。

Serve the hacker culture itself. This is not something you’ll be positioned to do until you’ve been around for a while and become well-known for one of the four previous items. The hacker culture doesn’t have leaders, exactly, but it does have culture heroes and tribal elders and historians and spokespeople. When you’ve been in the trenches long enough, you may grow into one of these.
服务黑客文化本身。 这不是你会被定位，直到你已经有一段时间，并成为知名的四个以前的项目之一。 黑客文化确实没有领导者，但它确实有文化英雄和部族长老，历史学家和发言人。 当你在沟通时间足够长时，你可能会成长为其中之一。

1. Hackers distrust blatant ego in their tribal elders, so visibly reaching for this kind of fame is dangerous. Rather than striving for it, you have to sort of position yourself so it drops in your lap, and then be modest and gracious about your status.
2. 黑客们不信任自己的部族长老，所以明显地达到了这种名望是危险的。 而不是为了争取，你必须自己排位，所以它放在你的腿上，然后对你的状态谦虚和亲切。

FAQ

Q: Can I hack using just a laptop?
A: Yes, and it’s actually preferred by many. A laptop is very portable and hacking doesn’t need a supercomputer.

Q: Which programming language is the best to learn to become a hacker?
A: Python is good; it’s a clear language in which you can do a lot of things. However, you will need to spend a long time learning it if you want to master it.

Q: How long does it take to become a good hacker? How long to become an expert hacker?
A: How long it takes depends on how often you practice. “How much time are you willing to devote to becoming a hacker?” is probably the better question to ask yourself. If you’re passionate, and engage in deliberate practice—continuing to stretch yourself—then you’ll become a good hacker. With thousands of hours (Malcolm Gladwell cites 10,000 hours as the magic number), you’ll become an expert hacker.

Q: I can already hack WiFi and social accounts – how do I increase my skills?
A: Go bigger but don’t be overly bold. Hacking bigger things such as websites, game servers or DDoSing big company can get you in very serious trouble with the police. Do the right thing when increasing your skills.

Q: Can I use a phone for hacking?
A: Yes, you can, but not to the same extent as a computer.

Q: How much money does an ethical hacker earn?
A: This depends on what you do as a hacker. A good security/penetration tester will earn tons of money for a job well done.

Q: Do I need any qualifications to become an employed hacker?
A: If you want to become a certified ethical hacker, you need to pass a course. But other than for that purpose, you don’t need no master’s degree to hack. It is recommended that you pass college through.

Q: How can I learn to program so that I can become a hacker?
A: There are many great sites and books out there for learning programming. If you’re a complete beginner, consider learning HTML, Python, and C.

Q: Can I hack on a MacBook Air or do I need a more powerful computer?
A: Your laptop will be fine for the job. Hacking is about using your knowledge and creativity, not having a supercomputer.

Q: What basic languages do I need to learn to become a hacker?
A: Unfortunately, you need to know more than basic languages in order to become a computer hacker. You need to know computer programming, which is difficult to learn.